V M O Muscle

V M O Muscle - The vastus medialis obliquus

V M O Muscle

The vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps group, located on the front of the thigh. It is the deepest of the four quadriceps muscles and lies beneath the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. 

The VMO originates from the medial intermuscular septum and inserts into the quadriceps tendon just below the patella.

Anatomy

The vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) is a teardrop-shaped muscle that lies beneath the vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the deepest of the four quadriceps muscles and is situated at the medial (inner) aspect of the thigh.

The VMO originates from three main areas:

Medial intermuscular septum: A fibrous partition that separates the VMO from the adductor magnus muscle, which lies deeper.

Medial lip of the linea aspera: A prominent ridge on the posterior surface of the femur (thigh bone).

Medial supracondylar line: A bony prominence just above the knee joint.

The VMO fibers run obliquely downward and medially, attaching to the medial border of the patella (kneecap) and the knee joint capsule. These fibers also contribute to the formation of the quadriceps tendon, which extends from the quadriceps muscles to the tibial tuberosity (shin bone) just below the knee joint.

Function of V M O Muscle

The VMO plays a crucial role in several important knee joint functions:

Knee extension: The VMO is the primary muscle responsible for extending the knee joint, working in conjunction with the other quadriceps muscles.

Patellar stability: The VMO's oblique orientation helps to guide the patella along the groove in the femur during knee extension, preventing it from tracking abnormally (patellar maltracking).

Knee joint proprioception: The VMO contributes to proprioception, which is the sense of body position and movement in space. This proprioception is essential for maintaining balance and coordination during movement.

Clinical Significance

A weak or dysfunctional VMO can contribute to various knee joint problems, including:

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS): PFPS is a common cause of pain around the patella, often related to patellar maltracking. Strengthening the VMO is a key component of PFPS rehabilitation.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury: A strong VMO can help to stabilize the knee joint and reduce the risk of ACL injury, especially during sports that involve sudden changes in direction or landing from jumps.

Patellar tendinitis: Patellar tendinitis is an inflammation of the patellar tendon, often caused by overuse or repetitive strain. Strengthening the VMO can help to reduce stress on the patellar tendon.

Strengthening Exercises of V M O Muscle

Several exercises can effectively strengthen the VMO muscle:

Leg extensions: This exercise targets the quadriceps muscles, including the VMO. Sit on a leg extension machine, extend your legs fully, and slowly lower them back down.

Squats: Squats engage the quadriceps muscles, including the VMO, and also work the hamstrings and glutes. Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, lower yourself as if sitting on a chair, and push back up to the starting position.

Lunges: Lunges effectively activate the quadriceps, including the VMO. One-leg forward stride, body lowered, push back up to starting position.

Partial squats: Partial squats are a less demanding variation of squats that still target the quadriceps, including the VMO. Lower yourself only partially, keeping your thighs parallel to the floor, and push back up.

Straight-leg raises: This exercise specifically targets the VMO by isolating it from the other quadriceps muscles. Lie on your back, extend one leg straight up, and hold for a few seconds before lowering it back down.

Additional Considerations

Warm up before performing any exercises to prevent muscle strains and injuries.

Gradually increase the intensity and duration of exercises over time to avoid overtraining.

If you experience pain or discomfort during or after exercises, stop immediately and consult a healthcare professional.

Proper form and technique are essential to maximize muscle activation and minimize injury risk.

Seek guidance from a physiotherapist or exercise specialist to develop an individualized strengthening program tailored to your specific needs and fitness level.

References

Quadriceps Strengthening Exercises - PhysioAdvisor. (2022, May 18). PhysioAdvisor. https://physioadvisor.com.au/exercises/strengthening-muscles/quadriceps

Infraspinatus muscle Anatomy

 

Infraspinatus muscle Anatomy

The infraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder. It is located on the posterior (back) aspect of the scapula (shoulder blade) and is triangular in shape.

• Origin:
• The infraspinatus muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa, a concave depression on the posterior surface of the scapula below the spine.
• Insertion:
• The muscle fibers of the infraspinatus converge to form a tendon that attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (upper arm bone).
• Function:
• The primary function of the infraspinatus muscle is to externally rotate the shoulder joint, which means it helps to turn the upper arm bone away from the body. It also assists in shoulder joint stabilization and in maintaining proper alignment of the humeral head within the glenoid fossa (shoulder socket).
• Innervation:
• The infraspinatus muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve, which arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.
• Clinical significance:
• The infraspinatus muscle is commonly injured in sports that involve overhead throwing, such as baseball or tennis. It is also frequently involved in rotator cuff tears, which can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder joint. Rehabilitation exercises that target the infraspinatus muscle are often prescribed to help improve shoulder function and reduce the risk of re-injury.

Infraspinatus muscle Anatomy

Origin of Infraspinatus muscle

The infraspinatus muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa, a concave depression on the posterior surface of the scapula (shoulder blade) below the spine. The infraspinous fossa is located on the back of the scapula, just below the spine of the scapula. The muscle fibers of the infraspinatus muscle originate from this fossa and converge to form a tendon that attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (upper arm bone). The origin of the infraspinatus muscle is important in understanding its function and the injuries that can affect it.

Insertion of Infraspinatus muscle

The infraspinatus muscle inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus (upper arm bone). More specifically, the muscle fibers of the infraspinatus converge to form a tendon that attaches to the posterior (back) aspect of the greater tubercle, just inferior to the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle. The insertion of the infraspinatus muscle is important for its function in shoulder joint movement and stability. When the muscle contracts, it pulls on the tendon and causes the humerus to externally rotate (turn the upper arm away from the body) and stabilize within the glenoid fossa (shoulder socket).

Blood Supply

The blood supply to the infraspinatus muscle comes from branches of the suprascapular artery, which arises from the thyrocervical trunk, a branch of the subclavian artery. The suprascapular artery travels along the superior border of the scapula and gives off branches to supply the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, as well as other structures around the scapula. The blood supply to the infraspinatus muscle is important for its nourishment and for maintaining its function. Injuries or disorders that affect the blood supply to the infraspinatus muscle can lead to muscle ischemia (lack of blood flow), muscle weakness, and even muscle death (necrosis).

Nerve Supply

The infraspinatus muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve, which arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. The suprascapular nerve travels through the suprascapular notch, a bony opening on the superior border of the scapula, and enters the infraspinatus fossa, where it divides into multiple branches that supply the infraspinatus muscle. The nerve fibers that innervate the infraspinatus muscle are primarily motor in nature, meaning they control the muscle's contraction and function. The nerve supply to the infraspinatus muscle is important for its motor function and for maintaining proper shoulder joint movement and stability. Injuries or disorders that affect the suprascapular nerve can lead to muscle weakness, atrophy, and impaired shoulder joint function.

Function of Infraspinatus muscle

The infraspinatus muscle plays an important role in the movement and stability of the shoulder joint. Its primary function is to externally rotate the shoulder joint, which means it helps to turn the upper arm bone away from the body. It also helps to stabilize the humeral head (upper arm bone) within the glenoid fossa (shoulder socket) during shoulder joint movement.

In addition to its primary function of external rotation, the infraspinatus muscle also assists in other shoulder movements, such as shoulder extension (pulling the arm back), horizontal abduction (moving the arm away from the midline of the body), and scapular stabilization (holding the shoulder blade in place). The muscle works in conjunction with the other muscles of the rotator cuff, as well as the larger muscles of the shoulder and upper back, to provide optimal shoulder joint function and movement.

Injuries or disorders that affect the infraspinatus muscle can lead to weakness, pain, and impaired shoulder function. Rehabilitation exercises that target the infraspinatus muscle are often prescribed to help improve shoulder function and reduce the risk of re-injury.

Exercise of Infraspinatus muscle

Strengthening the infraspinatus muscle can be beneficial for improving shoulder joint function, stability, and reducing the risk of injury. Here are some exercises that can target the infraspinatus muscle:

External Rotation with Dumbbell: This exercise targets the infraspinatus muscle specifically. To perform this exercise, sit on a bench with your elbow bent to 90 degrees and your upper arm against your side. Hold a dumbbell in your hand with your palm facing inwards. Slowly rotate your arm outward, away from your body, until your forearm is parallel to the ground. Pause for a moment, then slowly return to the starting position.

Face Pulls: This exercise targets the infraspinatus as well as other muscles of the upper back. To perform this exercise, attach a resistance band to a stable object at chest height. Hold the ends of the band with your palms facing inward and your arms extended in front of you. Pull the band towards your face, leading with your elbows. Pause for a moment, then slowly return to the starting position.

Scapular Retraction: This exercise targets the muscles of the upper back, including the infraspinatus. To perform this exercise, stand or sit with your arms at your sides and your shoulders relaxed. Squeeze your shoulder blades together and hold for a few seconds, then release.

Prone Shoulder Extension: This exercise targets the infraspinatus, as well as the other muscles of the rotator cuff. To perform this exercise, lie face down on a bench or exercise ball with your arms at your sides. Slowly lift your arms off the ground, squeezing your shoulder blades together and leading with your elbows. Pause for a moment, then slowly lower your arms back down.

It's important to consult with a healthcare professional or a certified personal trainer before beginning any new exercise program to ensure proper form and technique, and to avoid injury.

Stretch of Infraspinatus muscle

Stretching the infraspinatus muscle can help improve its flexibility and reduce the risk of injury. Here's a stretch that can target the infraspinatus muscle:

Cross-Body Shoulder Stretch: This stretch targets the infraspinatus muscle as well as the other muscles of the rotator cuff. To perform this stretch, stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your arms at your sides. Bring your right arm across your chest and hold it with your left hand at the elbow. Gently pull your right arm towards your left shoulder until you feel a stretch in your right shoulder. Hold the stretch for 20-30 seconds, then release and repeat on the other side.

It's important to perform stretches slowly and gently, and to avoid overstretching or forcing the muscle beyond its natural range of motion. If you have any pain or discomfort during stretching, stop the exercise and consult with a healthcare professional.

Strengthening Exercise off Infraspinatus muscle

Strengthening the infraspinatus muscle can help improve shoulder joint function and stability, reduce the risk of injury, and enhance sports performance. Here are some strengthening exercises that can target the infraspinatus muscle:

External Rotations with Resistance Band: Attach a resistance band to a stationary object at elbow height. Stand facing the object with your elbow bent at a 90-degree angle and your forearm parallel to the ground. Grab the band with the hand of the arm you want to strengthen and rotate your arm away from your body against the resistance of the band. Slowly return your arm to the starting position and repeat for several repetitions. Then switch arms and perform the exercise with your other arm.

Dumbbell Reverse Fly: Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and hold a dumbbell in each hand with your palms facing inward. Lean forward slightly, bending your knees slightly, and then raise both arms straight out to your sides. Keep your arms straight and lift the dumbbells to the level of your shoulders. Pause for a moment, then slowly lower the weights back to the starting position.

Scapular Retraction: Stand with your arms at your sides, palms facing your thighs. Squeeze your shoulder blades together, pulling them towards your spine. Hold the squeeze for a few seconds, then relax and repeat for several repetitions.

Prone Shoulder Extension with External Rotation: Lie face down on a bench or stability ball with your arms at your sides, palms facing down. Lift both arms off the ground while keeping them straight, and then rotate them outward, away from your body. Hold the position for a moment, then slowly lower your arms back to the starting position.

It's important to consult with a healthcare professional or a certified personal trainer before beginning any new exercise program to ensure proper form and technique, and to avoid injury.

Clinical Significance

The infraspinatus muscle has clinical significance in the following ways:

Rotator Cuff Injury: The infraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff, which is a group of muscles and tendons that help stabilize the shoulder joint. Injury to the rotator cuff, including the infraspinatus muscle, can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint.

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: Infraspinatus muscle weakness can contribute to shoulder impingement syndrome, a condition in which the tendons of the rotator cuff become compressed and irritated as they pass through the shoulder joint. This can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint.

Shoulder Dislocation: The infraspinatus muscle plays a role in stabilizing the shoulder joint, and weakness or injury to the muscle can increase the risk of shoulder dislocation.

Tennis and Pitcher's Shoulder: Infraspinatus muscle strain or injury is common in athletes who use repetitive overhead motions, such as tennis players and baseball pitchers. This can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint.

Assessment of Shoulder Function: Evaluation of the infraspinatus muscle strength and function is an important component of a comprehensive shoulder assessment, particularly in patients with shoulder pain, weakness, or limited range of motion.

In summary, the infraspinatus muscle plays an important role in shoulder joint function and stability, and injury or weakness of the muscle can lead to various clinical conditions affecting the shoulder joint.

Supraspinatus Muscle Origin, Insertion, Function, Exercise

 

Supraspinatus muscle

The supraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint. It is located on the upper back of the scapula (shoulder blade), above the spine of the scapula.

Origin: The supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa, a shallow depression on the posterior (back) surface of the scapula.

Insertion: It inserts on the superior (upper) part of the greater tubercle of the humerus, which is a bony prominence on the upper part of the upper arm bone.

Function: The supraspinatus muscle is responsible for initiating and assisting in the abduction (lifting away from the body) of the arm at the shoulder joint. It also helps to stabilize the shoulder joint during movement.

Nerve supply: The supraspinatus muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve, which arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus.

Blood supply: The supraspinatus muscle is supplied by branches of the suprascapular artery and the posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Origin of supraspinatus muscle

The supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa, which is a shallow depression on the posterior (back) surface of the scapula (shoulder blade). The supraspinous fossa is located above the spine of the scapula and is bounded laterally by the suprascapular notch. The muscle arises from the medial two-thirds of the fossa, while the lateral third is occupied by the infraspinatus muscle. The supraspinatus muscle, along with the other three muscles of the rotator cuff, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the shoulder joint and enabling movements such as abduction (lifting the arm away from the body), flexion (lifting the arm forward), and internal and external rotation of the shoulder.

Insertion

The supraspinatus muscle inserts on the superior (upper) facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus, which is a bony prominence on the upper part of the upper arm bone. The tendon of the supraspinatus muscle passes through a space called the subacromial space, which is formed by the acromion (a bony projection of the scapula) and the coracoacromial ligament (a strong band of connective tissue that extends between the coracoid process of the scapula and the acromion). The insertion of the supraspinatus muscle on the greater tubercle of the humerus is important for its role in initiating and assisting in the abduction (lifting away from the body) of the arm at the shoulder joint.

Nerve Supply

The supraspinatus muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve, which arises from the upper trunk of the brachial plexus. The suprascapular nerve runs from the brachial plexus in the neck, through the suprascapular notch, and into the supraspinous fossa where it innervates the supraspinatus muscle. The suprascapular nerve also innervates the infraspinatus muscle, another muscle of the rotator cuff, and provides sensation to the shoulder joint. Damage or compression of the suprascapular nerve can result in weakness or atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, leading to shoulder dysfunction and pain.

Blood Supply

The blood supply to the supraspinatus muscle is mainly provided by the suprascapular artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, which arises from the subclavian artery. The suprascapular artery runs along the upper border of the scapula and gives off several branches that supply blood to the supraspinatus muscle, as well as to the other muscles of the rotator cuff and the shoulder joint capsule. The supraspinatus muscle also receives a secondary blood supply from the posterior circumflex humeral artery, which is a branch of the axillary artery. The arterial supply to the supraspinatus muscle is important for its function and healing, as well as for the prevention of tissue damage and ischemia (lack of blood flow) during physical activity and injury.

Function of Supraspinatus muscle

The supraspinatus muscle plays an important role in the movement and stabilization of the shoulder joint. Its main function is to initiate and assist in the abduction (lifting away from the body) of the arm at the shoulder joint, especially during the first 15-30 degrees of the movement. This is the initial phase of raising the arm, before other muscles such as the deltoid take over. The supraspinatus muscle also helps to stabilize the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) within the shallow glenoid fossa (shoulder socket) of the scapula during movement, which helps to prevent dislocation or impingement of the joint. Additionally, the supraspinatus muscle assists in the internal and external rotation of the shoulder, and can help to control the scapular motion during arm elevation. Injuries or tears to the supraspinatus muscle can lead to shoulder pain, weakness, and limited range of motion, and are a common cause of rotator cuff dysfunction.

Relation

The supraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint, along with the infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles. The supraspinatus muscle is located on the upper back of the scapula (shoulder blade), above the spine of the scapula and below the trapezius muscle. The muscle belly lies deep to the deltoid muscle and is separated from it by a layer of connective tissue. The supraspinatus muscle is closely related to other structures within the shoulder joint, including the acromion (a bony projection of the scapula), the coracoid process (a bony projection of the scapula), and the subacromial bursa (a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between the supraspinatus tendon and the acromion). The supraspinatus muscle also shares a common nerve supply with the infraspinatus muscle, as both muscles are innervated by the suprascapular nerve. The close relationship of the supraspinatus muscle with other structures in the shoulder joint highlights the importance of its function in maintaining shoulder stability and movement.

Exercise of Supraspinatus muscle

Strengthening exercises for the supraspinatus muscle can help improve shoulder stability, reduce the risk of injury, and relieve shoulder pain. Here are some exercises that target the supraspinatus muscle:

• Side-lying external rotation: Lie on your side with your affected arm on top. Bend your elbow to 90 degrees and keep it close to your side. Use a light dumbbell or resistance band to externally rotate your arm away from your body. Pause and slowly return to the starting position. Repeat for 10-15 repetitions, and then switch sides.
• Prone horizontal abduction: Lie face down on a bench or stability ball with your arms hanging down towards the floor, palms facing each other. Raise your arms up to the level of your shoulders, keeping your elbows straight, and then slowly lower them back down. Repeat for 10-15 repetitions.
• Full can exercise: Stand with your arms at your sides and hold a light dumbbell in each hand. Keeping your thumbs pointing up, raise your arms out to the side to shoulder height. Hold for a few seconds, and then lower your arms back down. Repeat for 10-15 repetitions.

It's important to start with light resistance and gradually increase the weight or resistance as you get stronger. If you have any shoulder pain or discomfort, stop the exercise and consult a healthcare professional.

Stretching Exercise of supraspinatus muscle

Stretching exercises for the supraspinatus muscle can help improve flexibility, reduce tension, and relieve shoulder pain. Here are some stretches that target the supraspinatus muscle:

    Doorway stretch: Stand in a doorway with your arms at your sides and your palms facing forward. Place your forearms against the door frame at shoulder height, and then lean forward to feel a stretch in your shoulders. Hold for 15-30 seconds, and then release.

    Cross-body stretch: Stand or sit with your affected arm across your chest. Use your other hand to gently pull your arm towards your chest until you feel a stretch in your shoulder. Hold for 15-30 seconds, and then release. Repeat on the other side.

    Sleeper stretch: Lie on your side with your affected arm on top. Bend your elbow to 90 degrees and keep it close to your body. Use your other hand to gently push your forearm towards the ground until you feel a stretch in your shoulder. Hold for 15-30 seconds, and then release. Repeat on the other side.

It's important to stretch gently and slowly, and not to force the stretch beyond your comfort level. If you have any shoulder pain or discomfort, stop the stretch and consult a healthcare professional.

Clinical Significance

The supraspinatus muscle is clinically significant as it is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint, which plays a crucial role in stabilizing the shoulder and enabling movement. Injuries or tears to the supraspinatus muscle can lead to rotator cuff dysfunction, which can cause pain, weakness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint.

Supraspinatus tears are a common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction, especially in athletes and individuals who engage in repetitive overhead activities. The risk of supraspinatus injury increases with age, and can be exacerbated by poor posture, overuse, and trauma. In some cases, conservative treatments such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications may be sufficient to manage the symptoms of a supraspinatus injury. However, in severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged muscle or tendon.

Clinical evaluation of the supraspinatus muscle may involve a physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans, and functional tests to assess shoulder stability and range of motion. Treatment may include a combination of rest, physical therapy, medication, and/or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury and the individual's needs.

Supraspinatus muscle pain

Pain in the supraspinatus muscle can be caused by a variety of factors, including overuse, trauma, rotator cuff tears, or impingement of the supraspinatus tendon or bursa. Here are some common symptoms associated with supraspinatus muscle pain:

    Pain in the shoulder: The most common symptom of supraspinatus muscle pain is pain in the shoulder, particularly in the area above the shoulder blade.

    Weakness or stiffness: Individuals with supraspinatus muscle pain may also experience weakness or stiffness in the shoulder joint, which can limit range of motion.

    Pain with overhead activities: Pain in the supraspinatus muscle can be exacerbated by activities that involve reaching overhead, such as lifting objects, throwing a ball, or reaching for a high shelf.

    Pain at night: Some individuals with supraspinatus muscle pain may experience pain or discomfort at night, particularly when lying on the affected side.

    Muscle spasms: In some cases, supraspinatus muscle pain may be accompanied by muscle spasms, which can further exacerbate pain and limit mobility.

Treatment for supraspinatus muscle pain depends on the underlying cause and severity of the injury. Conservative treatments such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications may be sufficient to manage the symptoms of mild to moderate supraspinatus muscle pain. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged muscle or tendon. If you are experiencing symptoms of supraspinatus muscle pain, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Where is supraspinatus located?

The supraspinatus muscle is located on the upper back and forms part of the rotator cuff, which is a group of muscles and tendons that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint. Specifically, the supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus (upper arm bone). The muscle runs along the top of the shoulder blade and passes underneath the acromion, which is a bony projection of the shoulder blade that forms the roof of the shoulder joint.

What area of pain is supraspinatus?

The supraspinatus muscle is located on the upper back, and pain in this muscle typically manifests as pain in the shoulder. More specifically, pain from supraspinatus muscle injury or strain is usually felt in the area above the shoulder blade, and can radiate down the arm. The pain may be aggravated by overhead activities such as reaching, lifting, or throwing. In some cases, supraspinatus muscle pain may also be accompanied by weakness or stiffness in the shoulder joint, as well as muscle spasms. If you are experiencing pain in the shoulder or upper back, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Test for supraspinatus muscle

There are several clinical tests that can be used to evaluate the function of the supraspinatus muscle, which is one of the muscles that make up the rotator cuff. Here are some common tests used to assess the supraspinatus muscle:

    Empty can test: In this test, the patient is asked to abduct the arm to 90 degrees and internally rotate the arm so that the thumb points down, like pouring out a can. The examiner then resists downward pressure applied to the arm. A positive test result may indicate supraspinatus muscle weakness or injury.

    Drop arm test: In this test, the patient is asked to abduct the arm to 90 degrees and then slowly lower the arm to the side. A positive test result occurs if the patient is unable to maintain the position or experiences sudden pain during the movement, which may indicate a supraspinatus muscle tear or injury.

    External rotation test: In this test, the patient is asked to hold the elbow against the side and then externally rotate the arm. The examiner then applies resistance to the arm. A positive test result may indicate supraspinatus muscle weakness or injury.

    Neer impingement test: In this test, the examiner passively elevates the patient's arm while stabilizing the scapula. A positive test result occurs if the patient experiences pain in the anterior shoulder, which may indicate impingement of the supraspinatus tendon or bursa.

It is important to note that clinical tests are not always conclusive and should be used in conjunction with other diagnostic methods, such as imaging studies like X-rays or MRI scans, to accurately diagnose supraspinatus muscle injuries. It is best to consult with a healthcare professional if you are experiencing shoulder pain or have concerns about your shoulder function.

Supraspinatus muscle tendon

The supraspinatus muscle has a long tendon that passes under the acromion (a bony projection of the shoulder blade that forms the roof of the shoulder joint) and attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus (upper arm bone). The supraspinatus tendon is an important part of the rotator cuff and helps to stabilize and rotate the shoulder joint.

However, the supraspinatus tendon is also vulnerable to injury and degeneration, especially in athletes or individuals who perform repetitive overhead motions, such as throwing a baseball or lifting weights. Injuries to the supraspinatus tendon can range from minor strains or tendinitis to more severe tears or ruptures.

Symptoms of supraspinatus tendon injuries may include pain in the shoulder, weakness or loss of function in the arm, and difficulty raising or lowering the arm. Treatment for supraspinatus tendon injuries typically depends on the severity of the injury and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery in more severe cases. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you are experiencing shoulder pain or have concerns about your shoulder function.

Supraspinatus muscle strain

A strain of the supraspinatus muscle occurs when the muscle is stretched or torn due to overuse or trauma. This can happen as a result of repetitive overhead movements or a sudden injury, such as a fall or impact to the shoulder.

Symptoms of a supraspinatus muscle strain can include pain in the shoulder or upper back, weakness in the arm or shoulder, limited range of motion, and difficulty performing overhead activities. In some cases, a popping or snapping sensation may be felt at the time of injury.

Treatment for a supraspinatus muscle strain typically involves rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce pain and swelling. Over-the-counter pain medication and physical therapy may also be recommended to help alleviate symptoms and restore strength and flexibility in the shoulder.

In more severe cases, such as a complete tear of the muscle, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you suspect you have a supraspinatus muscle strain or are experiencing any symptoms of a shoulder injury.

What causes pain in the supraspinatus muscle?

Pain in the supraspinatus muscle can be caused by a number of factors, including overuse, strain, or injury. Here are some common causes of supraspinatus muscle pain:

    Rotator cuff injury: The supraspinatus muscle is one of the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff, and injuries to the rotator cuff can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder. Rotator cuff injuries can occur as a result of overuse, trauma, or degeneration.

    Tendinitis: Tendinitis is a condition where the tendon becomes inflamed due to overuse or repetitive motions. In the case of the supraspinatus muscle, tendinitis can cause pain and discomfort in the shoulder.

    Bursitis: Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa, a fluid-filled sac that helps to cushion the joint. Inflammation of the bursa in the shoulder joint can cause pain in the supraspinatus muscle.

    Impingement syndrome: Impingement syndrome occurs when the tendons or bursa in the shoulder become compressed or pinched. This can cause pain in the supraspinatus muscle, as well as weakness and limited range of motion.

    Frozen shoulder: Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition where the shoulder joint becomes stiff and painful. This can cause pain and discomfort in the supraspinatus muscle, as well as other muscles in the shoulder.

If you are experiencing shoulder pain or have concerns about your shoulder function, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Deltoid Muscle Detail

Deltoid Muscle : Base Of Upper Limb :

                 

Deltoid Muscle

In human anatomy, the deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder.

Anatomically, it appears to be made up of three distinct sets of fibers though electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system.

It was previously called the deltoideus (plural deltoidei) and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the Greek letter Delta (triangle). It is also known as the common shoulder muscle, particularly in lower animals (e.g., in domestic cats). Deltoid is also further shortened in slang as "delt".

A study of 30 shoulders revealed an average mass of 191.9 grams (6.77 oz) (range 84 grams (3.0 oz)–366 grams (12.9 oz)) in humans.

Origin Of Deltoid Muscle :

 Anterior head: anterior surface of the lateral clavicle.

 Middle head : acromion process and spine of the scapula.

Insertion  of Deltoid Muscle:
(Distal attachments)

Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.


Nerve supply

a. Nerve: Axillary nerve
b. Nerve roots: C5 and C6

Actions of Deltoid Muscle

Anterior head:

a. Flexes the arm at the shoulder.
b. Medially rotates the arm at the shoulder.
Middle head:
a. Abducts the arm at the shoulder.


Abduction Of Sholder ( Middle Fiber )
Flextion Of Sholder ( Anterior Fiber )
Extension Of Sholder ( Posterior Fiber )

Strengthening Exercise Of Deltoid Muscle :

Anterior Fiber Strengthening with Help of Dumbbell's Shoulder Flexion Exercise should be performed.
First Day 5 Repetition and Gradually increase repetition like 2nd 10 ,3rd 12 repetition and go on.

Anterior Fibre Muscle Strengthening Exercise

 Middle Fibre Strengthening with Help of Dumbbell's Shoulder Flexion Exercise should be performed.
First Day 5 Repetition and Gradually increase repetition like 2nd 10 ,3rd 12 repetition and go on.

Middle Fibre Strengthening Exercise

Heavy Gym Exercise Of Deltoid- Middle Fibre

Deltoid Muscle Workout Video:

              

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THE IMPORTANCE OF MUSCLE : 

From the earliest starting point of the familial wellbeing development, Paleo-roused practice designs have concentrated on quality preparing over cardio, with the reason that lifting substantial weights viably constructs and keeps up bulk, while running for a considerable length of time really annihilates it. In any case, this makes one wonder: what's so exceptional about bulk? For what reason would you need to have a greater amount of it? 

The principal clear answer is "on the grounds that it looks great:" particularly for men, yet progressively likewise for ladies, the athletic look is in. Muscles make for a pleasant fit physique, and they're additionally alluring as an external indication of constructive individual qualities like discretion, train, and drive. 

BrachioRadialis Muscle

Over their stylish interest, muscles are helpful. Indeed, even in a general public immersed with each type of mechanical comfort we can cook up, we still incidentally need to move a love seat, push an auto, or convey a bicycle up a flight of stairs. 

Yet, in particular, muscles assume a fundamental part in supporting general wellbeing and health, particularly into maturity. They aren't just about looking great (despite the fact that that is a pleasant reward), and they aren't just about the infrequent need to enable your companions to move; they're a basic factor in metabolic wellbeing, body weight control, bone quality, and strength to pressure and infection. 

Muscles Promote Insulin Sensitivity : 

A standout amongst the most imperative elements of muscles in metabolic wellbeing is their capacity to store glucose (sugars) as glycogen. They at that point utilize this put away glycogen as fuel each time you have to move. Bulk basically goes about as a glycogen save that you top up by eating sugars, and drain when you work out. 

This makes muscle a basic player in a general sound digestion, since it enables you to utilize sugar calories for what you need (vitality and action), and not what you need to keep away from (capacity as fat). In more logical terms, it builds insulin affectability and secures against insulin protection. In helping your body utilize sugars along these lines, bulk is at last defensive against metabolic disorder and diabetes, which are extremely only illnesses of insufficient starch digestion (for additional on this, see the full clarification here). 

On the other side of this, sarcopenia (the specialized term for deficient bulk or quality) is firmly connected with diabetes. So far investigations have just settled a connection, not a causation, but rather the quality of the relationship is telling. One gathering of analysts contemplated 810 subjects in Korea, and separated them into two gatherings: diabetics and non-diabetics. 15.7% of the diabetics, however just 6.9% of the non-diabetics, were sarcopenic. What's more, in American subjects, another gathering of analysts found a solid connection amongst's sarcopenia and disabled glucose digestion free of muscle versus fat. As such, the less muscle you have, the more probable you are to create insulin protection, metabolic disorder, and at last diabetes. 

Muscles Protect Against Obesity : 

Diabetes, obviously, for the most part joins an unwelcome co-dismalness: stoutness. Diabetes and weight are extremely only two sides of a similar coin – diabetes is the failure to utilize starches profitably, and corpulence is the regular outcome when your body stores them as fat. Both are fiery; both are interceded by lopsided characteristics in the gut verdure; both are firmly associated with autoimmunity. Obviously, the muscle squandering of sarcopenia is additionally unequivocally connected with weight, and the two issues respond on each other in an endless loop. 

This outline (taken from this investigation) impeccably represents the endless loop of sarcopenic corpulence: 

To clarify the relationship just, heftiness is provocative, and aggravation causes muscle breakdown all through the entire body. Muscle misfortune makes it harder to move around, adding to a stationary way of life. Sitting throughout the day quickens weight pick up and muscle misfortune, and the cycle proceeds. 

Sarcopenic Obesity and Aging : 

The risky results of muscle misfortune and fat increase most evident among the elderly, making muscle wellbeing particularly critical after middle age. Maturing presents an impeccable tempest that incredibly quickens the rate of sarcopenia. As individuals get more established, they for the most part quit working out (on the off chance that they at any point did), and invest more energy sitting still. In any case, muscle, tragically, is an utilization it-or-lose-it sort of tissue. For a certain something, it takes a great deal of vitality to keep up, so in the event that you need to keep it around, you need to utilize it routinely to demonstrate your body that it's as yet justified regardless of the exertion. Since an elderly individual's body as of now has enough to manage without keeping up muscles for reasons unknown, it separates the muscle proteins to save vitality and keep the heart and different organs working. 

The elderly additionally don't use protein as proficiently as the youthful, so their protein prerequisites for keeping up bulk are higher at the time in their life when their genuine protein admission is well on the way to drop. 

The outcome is an unfaltering lessening in muscle estimate that truly takes off around age 50 and quickens with time. What's more, it's not just the measure of muscle tissue that is influenced; muscle quality additionally decays. Outputs of elderly individuals' muscles uncover considerably more intramuscular fat, or fat tissue that has infiltrated into the muscle. Fundamentally, the elderly are at a significantly more serious danger of being "thin fat:" they aren't perceptibly underweight or under-ripped to the bare eye, however look somewhat nearer and that "bulk" isn't all muscle. 

This graph (from this examination) condenses the connection between maturing, weight pick up, and muscle misfortune: 

As should be obvious, it's basically a considerably more unsafe form of the sarcopenia/stoutness cycle that happens in non-elderly individuals. 

These elements make maturity a tremendous hazard factor for losing fat and picking up muscle, and as you may expect, most by far of sarcopenic stout patients are more than 60. The results are serious. Sarcopenic elderly patients are more defenseless against falls, and less ready to recuperate from ailment or hospitalization. Include corpulence, and the story deteriorates; in one investigation, sarcopenic hefty elderly patients fared drastically more terrible than sarcopenic non-corpulent or stout nonsarcopenic patients in a trial of their capacity to do ordinary exercises (for instance, showering, dressing themselves, and cleaning the house). The extraordinary outcomes of sarcopenic weight in the elderly truly feature the essential significance of bulk for keeping up a sound range of human action 

Muscles, Diabetes, and Sarcopenic Obesity: Summing it Up 

To outline the past three segments, muscle misfortune is a key player in the cycle of stoutness and diabetes. Pick up muscle, and you enhance your metabolic capacity and lessen your danger of fat pick up. (In spite of the fact that it's not an enchantment shot, it's likewise worth specifying that muscle in the resting state consumes a bigger number of calories than fat, so it raises your digestion marginally). 

Then again, on the off chance that you lose muscle, your body has a harder time keeping up a sound weight and an ordinary level of insulin affectability. Worse still, the aggregate impact of sarcopenia, diabetes, and corpulence is far more prominent than the total of their individual issues. Every one of the three of these conditions amplify each other and keep you caught in an endless loop of weakness. 

This all goes twofold in case you're more than 60. The elderly, as the populace most in danger for muscle misfortune and fat pick up, are particularly inclined to sarcopenic stoutness, and have the most to pick up from dealing with their muscles. Be that as it may, it doesn't simply influence the retiree swarm: in individuals who don't consistently work out, muscle misfortune begins around age 20. Counteracting insulin protection and weight pick up in middle age, and taking off sarcopenic corpulence in maturity, begin in the rec center when you're youthful. 

Muscles And Bone Density : 

Proceeding onward from the metabolic points of interest of having a sound measure of bulk, solid muscles likewise help save and keep up solid bone thickness. Particularly for ladies and the elderly, bone thickness is critical for counteracting osteoporosis – and it's not just about eating your calcium bites. 

The association won't not appear glaringly evident (how accomplishes more bulk make your bones more grounded?), yet the concealed connection is in the idea of stacking. The most ideal approach to assemble solid bones is to put them under an overwhelming burden: lift, convey, drag, or generally move something with a significant weight. And all the methods for doing this likewise bring about more grounded muscles. So it's not simply the muscles that make your bones more grounded; it's the activity you use to assemble those muscles that likewise fabricates your bones. 

In particular, weight preparing with overwhelming weights has been demonstrated over and over to build bone thickness, even in the elderly. The writing regarding this matter is gigantic; one exhaustive survey found that the advantages of strolling or light high impact exercise were easy to refute, yet that quality preparing was both protected and powerful to prevent bone thickness rot in more seasoned grown-ups, particularly when proceeded with reliably for no less than a year. 

Much the same as building muscle to avoid sarcopenic weight further down the road, enhancing bone thickness through quality preparing is another advantage that it's best to begin taking a shot at while you're youthful. In the case of nothing else, it's substantially less demanding to keep up a propensity you as of now have than to take up deadlifting at 65. This survey even found that activity expanded bone thickness in preadolescent youngsters: as long as the activity is done at an age-suitable power, there truly is no age confine on the advantages. 

Muscles Improve Disease Recovery 


Another medical advantage of muscles is their capacity to make a "security net" of protein that your body can draw on now and again of expanded need. Protein is a standout amongst the most impor